Vitalik: ZK alone cannot provide Post-Quantum Security; it needs to be combined with additional techniques such as FHE.
2025.11.11 10:41:15
Vitalik Buterin replied and said, "ZK itself is unable to provide non-coercion resistance. In scenarios like voting, it still requires the combination with a trusted party, MPC, FHE, or TEE to achieve this feature. We can enhance system security through layered architectures like ZK + FHE. Thus, even if FHE is compromised, all privacy attributes except non-coercion can still be maintained. I suspect that a similar situation applies to almost all other cryptographic application scenarios apart from zero-knowledge proofs."
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